Israeli Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) in Defence Research Proposal

Israeli Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) in Defence against Terrorism - Research Proposal Example As PMSCs provide specialized security that resembles the services of the military, the Israel government’s decision to outsource military functions to the private security company was condemned (Schooner & Swan, 2012). Many believed that such companies are often involved in grave violation of human rights and are not capable of combating lone terrorists who are becoming common in the present Israel state (Hammes, 2010). However, despite the presence of heavily armed police officers in places such as Tel Aviv and Jerusalem, attackers still manage to attack such places killing people in mosques, buses, and other congregational sites (Sommer, 2014). Most of these attackers are classified as Lone Wolves terrorists as they carry out extemporaneous attacks and have no noticeable group collaboration (Wallwork,  2005). Whereas Benjamin Netanyahu, the Prime Minister, has accused the political class of complicity through incitement, the security system admits that good intelligence is not sufficient in predicting the soft targets of Lone Wolves terrorists and the utilization of private security services would reinforce the efforts of the military (Tait, 2015). This research proposal has the aim of exploring the effectiveness of the PMSCs in curbing terrorism in Israel. What’s more, this comprehensive project will study how efficient PMSCs are in combating lone terrorism by delving into the nature of the lone terrorism attacks in Israel that have been combated through use of PMSCs services. In answering the questions, the research will be able to explicate the effectiveness of PMSCs in combating terrorism in Israel. Moreover, it will help in bolstering the efficacy and proficiency of PMSCs services in the war against terrorism as well as defining better alternatives of combating terrorism. In a research conducted by III (2008), 185 people were interviewed on the use of contracted militias in

Outline the arguments for and against free trade Essay

Outline the arguments for and against free trade - Essay Example Free trade doesn't not only happen between the continents but it also happens between neighbouring nations. Argument about free trade can take many dimension including economic, moral, and socio-political arguments. Free trade takes many dimension and the proponents and opponents of the idea takes stands on the issue depending on their beliefs. In the last century, arguments on free trade were centred on the inequality that seems to persist between developed and developing nations which seem to be the mother of inequalities. There have been many campaigners who have been arguing for implementation of free trade policies in the last century and they hoped that the new century would come with a new perception on solving the inequalities between nations in the world through free trade. Apparently the campaign by these human activists and trade unions all over the world seem to have led to the development of essentially what we have been calling trade blocs that seems to emerge in all corners of the world. Analyzing the origin of the trade blocs, we can make formidable conclusion that all the trade blocks are created with an original aim of enhancing trade between members of the trade blocks. Trade blocs seem to be the new ideas on what the argument on free trade has taken. As we stand, the European Union remains to be the largest trade bloc in the world. European Union has been able to campaign for trade policies of its members and there is some success that can be attributed to the formation of the trade bloc. The European Union seems to be engaged in a massive recruitment of new members some who are not considered as vital to the operation of the bloc but a move which is seen as to consolidate more region under the bloc to empower it negotiation base. In America NAFTA has been negotiating for free trade for its members. Though small in number of members, NAFTA has been able to create a formidable trade bloc that has been able to negotiate for fair trade terms between its members and between the members and the international market. In South America, MERCOSUR has been expanding year after year admitting new member in South American and soon there is a possibility of the whole region coming under control of MERCOSUR. It has been able to negotiate for fair trade terms of its members in the international market. (Congressional Budget Office, 2003) In African, there are a number of trade blocs including SADDC, EAC, COMESA and others all which negotiate for free and fair trade terms between the members and between the member and the international community. In the Middle East there is the Gulf Council which brings together most of oil producing countries in the region together and which enables members to negotiate for free and fair trade terms. In Asia there also trade block which brings together members of the Asian community. But one peculiar view of Asia as far as trade blocks are concerned is the growing recruitment of some countries into the European Union especially the Balkan countries. This simple analysis shows how the concept of free trade has become to the world. It is the motto the modern international market. Eventually it seems as the concept of free and fair trade will lead to formation of new axis in the world all which will be campaigning for free trade. Let us look closely at arguments for and against free trade Arguments for free trade Since the concept of fr

The Mexican Revolution Essay Example for Free

The Mexican Revolution Essay In the Mexican Revolution multiple ideologies were involved at once, all competing with each other. None of them was clearly associated with an image of triumph or defeat, which downplays the image of ideology associated with this process, or rather, has made a nebulous identification of them. Catholics and those clericals who were related to the church, clashed against the property of land and against the traditional oligarchy (francisized and bourgeois), often addicted to Porfirio Diaz. This process commonly describes the oligarchy as the big loser and victim of the process of modernization caused by the revolution. For instance, the current level of popularity of the Virgin of Guadalupe, the number of times that the Pope (John Paul II) visited one of the largest Catholic nation on earth. Mexico remains perhaps, today in the XXI century, as Catholic as on early twentieth century. Another ideology that starred in the revolutionary process, and possibly suffered the biggest defeat was the positivist thinking. Dominant in Mexico since the second half of the nineteenth century, it served to provide of theoretical grounds to the extensive dictatorship (more than three decades) of Porfirio Diaz, and helped to justify (with its racist determinism) the inferiority of the natives and the mestizoes, or the Mexican. In fact, Porfirio considered the people of Mexico as immature for democracy, which was another argument for his more convenient and permanent re-election. Positivism was also tied to the landowner oligarchy, but more to the urban and conservative bourgeoisie, which was a permanent aspirant to social advancement. It was common to find their exponents in the huge state apparatus loyal to Diaz, in the universities and in the army. This thought often decanted in other ideology that is liberalism, also dragged from the nineteenth century, but which takes a great strength in the new urban middle classes and in part of the bourgeoisie that was jaded of the eternal dictators regime, it is liberalism which articulates the initial criticism to the Porfiriato, being hostile to the excessive exploitation by which the Mexican countryside was being submitted. It is this ideology that accelerates, according to general opinion, the revolutionary process. It is from this speech that, after the dialogue had failed, the mass was led to rise against the tyranny of the dictator, an invocation which proved to be for the sole purpose of the use of force and rage of the people, because it didn’t empathize with the demands of the peasants (most of the Mexican population of the time) or those of the emerging urban industrial working class or of the mining class in the province (usually linked to oil). With a marked influence of American liberalism (as opposed to European positivist ideas), liberalism enables to articulate and launch the first serious calls for uprising (for example, the San Luis Plan was launched by Madero from his exile in San Antonio, Texas). In addition there was a presence of anarchist ideology and to a lesser extent of socialism, which in some way guided the illiterate peasant forces, without actually entering them (there were only sketches of these ideologies in the proposed policies and actions of the major peasant leaders, namely Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata). Anarchism and socialism, sometimes separately, and many other times combined, strongly caught on the working class of Mexico City and other industrial centers of the country, they helped enormously in the turmoil of the pre-revolutionary process of 1910, usually operating from exile (for instance, associations of anarchists in California and socialists in Mississippi) and then vaguely reflected in the agreements of the Convention of Aguascalientes, which approved the Ayala Plan, a cornerstone of the subsequent Mexican agrarian reform. And finally we can define a last ideological factor, often ignored or downplayed, always misunderstood from the classical analysis, this is the native-peasant thought that is present throughout the whole history of Mexico and is the main foundation of the current Mexican nation. Many believe that without the discontent of these masses, accumulated over centuries of exploitation and absolute subjugation, the outbreak would not have occurred with the magnitude that it had. Most of the military conflict was made up of disgruntled peasants (in the case of the rebels) or peasants enlisted by the drafts (federal army). The main slogan of the armies led by Zapata and Villa is the division of land, not by ambition, but for their attachment to it. It is the awareness that all is owed to it, the place to which they have always belonged to, that has always been in the atavistic memory of the community, and is also the land which gives the fruit, which represents the yoke of slavery, that ties to the employer, to work for others. The land represents the entire universe of native peasants; everything good and bad that can happen to them is linked to it. But if we must define the ideology of revolution, or the one that has mobilized and convinced the masses to revolt, to slaughter, to fight, and often to death (1,000,000 approximately), this is not definable, even non-existent for many. Because the Mexican peasantry faithfully and blindly followed to warlords, who were not clear how to design a speech or an organization to legitimize their demands. This is reflected in the attitude of Zapata and Villa to take and occupy Mexico City, when they have taken hold of the city they don’t know what to do, they do not locate in that place that represents the power and therefore appoint a lawyer as president, which was Gutierrez, to enact laws to carry out their demands. But the peasants followed their leaders with almost messianic devotion, without a clear ideological conscience. It can be said that there was not a revolution in Mexican politics. There was a rearrangement, a modernization, but the resulting political system merely replicated and deepened, in a more sophisticated way, the old monopoly of power that was criticized to Porfirio Diaz. The PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) ruled the country for nearly seventy years, and as its name suggests, it proclaims by itself the institutionalization of the revolutionary process. During the lengthy period of years that this party dominated, there were countless electoral manipulations for the sole purpose of retaining power. It is true that land reform was carried out, but access to the command remained restricted to many and split between a few. Peasants did not access to this apparatus of power, and they were who, basically, carried out the revolution (after their leaders Francisco Villa and Emiliano Zapata). The Mexican politics did not follow the expansive course usually followed after a revolutionary victory, to put it briefly; there was not even an attempt to export the revolution. In fact, Mexico remained in the relative seclusion in which it was. Society, in contrast, showed a little better this revolution. Peasants agreed, but not throughout the country, to own the land for which they fought and yearned for so long. The modernization is evident in several aspects, the country gradually loses the image of rural indigenous nation that traditionally held, and becomes one of the most modern in Latin America, not yet being clear whether this is because of the magnitude of its population, or due to a real modern vocation of Mexican society. Mexico is a society of contradictions and polarizations, where indigenous communities coexist with rich ancient traditions (perhaps prosperous) with developed urban communities, which in turn contrast with very poor and extensive slums, which often receive indigenous and mestizo peasants from uprooted and impoverished communities. But it is doubtful to believe that the Mexican society and its political expression did assimilate the revolution, or inherited a tradition of this. Mexico is a fairly conservative country in many respects, being perhaps its ultimate expression the passivity with which it accepted and took over half a century of institutional revolutionaries in power, but very early it became clear that these â€Å"revolutionaries† only reproduced the political corruption that was previous to the revolutionary period. Mexicans seemed to assume with usual indifference the electoral manipulations and political gatopardisms. The revolution seems to be more an expression of a highly curbed energy, which springs from the bowels of the earth after centuries, a release that does not mostly renew the landscape, which covers with its centenary magma, but it gives to it more vigor in the germination of an order within the apparent chaos that is the Mexican society. Mexico did not change radically its political and social order, as in other post-revolutionary societies. What actually happened is that Mexican society shocked its dust off (during the revolution) in order to fully receive the coming century, leaving behind those most unpleasant elements inherited from the colony. The Mexican Revolution was a conservative revolution, which really did not intend to renew the Mexican society, as they didn’t know clearly what they were fighting for, or more simply, there was no clarity about general goals.

Mobile Sensor Network for Indoor Environment

Mobile Sensor Network for Indoor Environment 4 node sensor network without collisions. Update of every sensor reading in the network at least once per second (available from all nodes). Single frequency channel (i.e. no frequency multiplexing permitted). Error checking (CRC) included to ( Measure at least 2 parameters (e.g. temp, light..) Data presented on serial I/O port in a format that is easily readable on a text terminal. 1. Background knowledge 1.1. System structure The aim of this coursework is to design a mobile sensor network for an indoor environment, communicating with a 2.4 GHz wireless link (IEEE 802.15.4). All the sensor nodes can realize data link, which means each board can get others information. All the sensor boards have the function of receiver link to the computer, and can present the sensor data (for all nodes in the network) to the serial I/O port in a format which is easily to be understand on a text terminal. If the nod which connected to pc is broken, the other 3 nodes can replace it and realize the function of receiver. Each sensor node will include a number of sensors interfaced to a microprocessor (for our group temperature, sounds, touch and light). The microprocessor will gather sensor data, communicate with other sensor nodes via a wireless transceiver, implement a network protocol and provide a PC interface via a serial I/O port for data display. The structure of whole system is as follow: Figure 1 Architecture of Wireless Sensor Network 1.2. Basic hardware The principle hardware used in this project is the PICDEM Z [3] development board from Microchip Technology Inc. There is a PIC18F4620 microcontroller on every node board and every group has 4 board available. The PICDEM Z has a prototyping area which must not be used for circuit construction. First, we need veroboard to construct a circuit, then interface it to the header J6. The next figure shows the structure of the board. Figure 1 The structure of the board And we also have other devices can use in this course: 1. 9V DC power socket (J1) for operation from mains adaptor. 2. 9V battery terminal (BT1) for mobile operation. 3. ICD connector (J5) for connection to MPLAB ICD3 in-system programmer/debugger cable. 4. RS232 serial port connector (P1) for connection to PC COM port. 5. Microchip MRF24J40 2.4GHz transceiver module connected to J2. 6. LEDS RA0 and RA1 for indication. 7. Push buttons RB4 and RB5 for simple logic input. 8. Header J6 giving access to analog and digital I/O pins Vcc (3.3V) and GND. This may be used to interface additional sensors. 1.3. Microchip MRF24J40 2.4GHz The MRF24J40 wireless transceiver [5] provides the physical layer for your wireless communication network. This is a 2.4GHz (IEEE 802.15.4 compliant) device which transmits data rates up to 250kbps and is connected to the PIC via SPI bus, as well as a small number of digital I/O pins. The picture of Wireless transceiver is as follow. 1.4. MPLAB-ICD MPLAB-ICD is an inexpensive development tool for MICROCHIPs PIC16F87X series MCU. MPLAB-ICD is an online debugger, and a programmer. It works in the MPLAB-IDE integrated development environment, and use online serial programming technology of MICROCHIP (In-Circuit Serial Programming), the monitoring program is embedded to achieve real-time simulation in the simulation of the MCU (PIC16F87X). The simulation head is directly connected to the MCU socket of the application system, running the users application as a PIC16F87X. The picture of MPLAB-ICD is as follow. 1.5. Wireless sensor network Wireless Networks use radio waves, infrared, or any other wireless media to link to any devices. It can cover a large area, in which case it will be called a Wireless WAN, or it can cover an area or some floor of building, such as school, hospital and railway station, in that case Wireless LAN (WLAN) appear and describe the situation[4]. It appears a large number of wireless communication standards nowadays, including ZigBee, Wi-Fi, WiMax, GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) et al. Wireless sensor network (background) became a more and more popular way to solve the problems of large-scale tracking and monitoring applications because it has low-data-rate, low-energy-consumption, and short-range link network [1]. It give people a chance to monitor and control the physical world in a more simple way. WSN applications include many ways in our life, such as industrial monitoring, security, electronics industry, military sensing, asset tracking and home automation. WSNs research has mainly pay attention to energy consumption, routing and data transmission, particularly focusing on collecting and data summary in specific networks with an associated sink node, called a WSN gateway [1]. Some research has carried out the interface of different sensor networks for a single or complex applications. Wireless sensor networks is aimed to monitor and control the physical data of environmental conditions at remove locations and it can collect their data to a main location and send their control command to achieve the result of remote control. A WSN includes plenty nodes, ranging from a few to hundreds and thousands, in addition each node may be linked to one or more other nodes. One node can be designed for carrying out one or more different sensors which have various functions and we can also design combined sensors choice to complete complex use or exchange data with another network[4]. A node for sensing is called a sensor node, everyone can collect the data of other sensor node. As a result, any place with a sensor node can get all the data with a very fast speed at any time. 1.6. Error detection Cyclic Redundancy Check Error detection segment is necessary in a data transmitting system since the correctness and efficiency of data transmitting must be ensured. In this project, there are 3 approaches which can be applied to error detection: parity bit, check sum and cyclic redundancy check (CRC). Parity bit is also known as check bit, the function of which is to judge whether a number of 1-bits in the string is even or odd by adding a bit to a string of binary code. The realisation is that the bits with value 1 is counted for even parity while the coding reverses for odd parity. Although parity bit is easy to implement, the shortcoming is apparent that only when there are 1, 3, 5, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ bit(s) errors can the error be detected. The principle for check sum is to define a string with a small size with designed algorithm of calculating, and the result of the calculations of before and after the transmitting will be different even the data changes slightly so the error could be detected in this way. Similar to parity bits, the disadvantage of check sum is that error cant be detected under some circumstances. Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is a method of error detection that is easyto be implemented by shift register and look-up table in S/W. The process is shown in figure1. In this project the value of P(z) is 0x91 (11001 in reversed binary) which is known as generator polynomial and the divider. Assuming that the data needed to be transmitted is 110011000, then we have the message polynomial D(z). C(z) is the remainder which is calculated by D(z) divided by P(z). The realization of division operation is by XOR. Only when the least significant bit of 1 byte of the message is 1 will it XOR with CRC polynomial, then we should shift it to the next bit and repeat the XOR. At the transmitter, the string of CRC depends on the whole frame on a bit-by-bit basis with binary division. And at the receiver, the received bit string is again divided by the same bit-by-bit basis with a serial shift register. The resultant CRC result should be all zeros at the end of the frame, or there must be errors in the process of data transmitting. Grahame Smillie, 10 Bit error detection and correction, In Analogue and Digital Communication Techniques, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxf ord, 1999, Pages 185-230, ISBN 9780340731253, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-034073125-3/50012-7. 2. System Design 2.1. Sensor design and calibration and Analogic digital converter ADC In our group 4 kinds of sensor are designed to meet the requirement, and they are temperature sensor, light sensor, touch sensor and sound sensor. In order to obtain data from all the 4 sensors in the wireless network, a PCB board is required to connect to the sensor node board. In the lab, a breadboard is available for testing the circuit. When finishing the circuit on the breadboard, it can be interfaced to PC to have a preliminary test. If done, a PCB board will be used to finish the final product which can connect to node board. The method of calibration is to get the value of light, sound, temperature or touch that is detected using physical measurement. For example, if the temperature of the environment T0 and the result of the ADC conversion D0 that collected by the sensor in the same testing environment are known, we can derive the proportional function of temperature and ADC data with another pair of coordinate (T1, D1), which is obtained by changing the temperature of testing. Then the code that controlling display of temperature value should be modified so that by the time the temperature of the environment changes, the displaying value on the PC is exactly the temperature. Code for this part is shown as following: 2.1.1. Temperature sensor Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) thermistors are temperature sensitive semiconductor resistors which decrease in resistance value when absolute temperature increasing. Change in the resistance of NTC thermistor can be brought about either by a change in the ambient temperature or internally by self-heating resulting from current flowing through the device. (NTC Thermistor Discs and Chips | Ametherm, Ametherm, 2017. [Online]. Available: http://www.ametherm.com/thermistor/disc-and-chip-ntc-thermistors. [Accessed: 07- Jan- 2017].) Most of the practical applications of NTC thermistors are based on these material characteristics. Time and temperature are two of the most frequently measured variables. There are various ways to measure temperature electronically, most normal is by thermocouples and negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors. In addition, NTC temperature sensors can operate over a wide temperature range (-55 to +300 °C). They are stable throughout a long time, and are small and cheaper than other kind. [3] Figure 1 circuit of Temperature Sensor It can be seen in the figure 1 that temperature Sensor is a more complex circuit design. On the left part It=Vcc/(R1+Rt) and Vt=Vcc*Rt/(Rt+R1), then connect the line to the positive side of the LM358 amplifier to amplify circuit and Vt becomes the input of the amplifier. After that, use formula V0 = Vt*(1+R3/R2) to get the voltage value of v0. From this formula we can know, the value of V0 depends on R3 and R2, so R3 and R2 are both simply chosen 10 Ohm. Then the voltage value of V0 is exactly twice as much as that of Vt. Next use formula to transfer ADC data to temperature, when it comes to the lab temperature (23 degrees Celsius), ADC data is 613. While it comes to the people body temperature (abort 38 degrees Celsius), ADC data become 530. Finally, we can calculate the linear parameters by these two sets of data. 2.1.2. Light sensor The Light Sensor is a passive devices that transfer light energy visible or invisible into a output of voltage signal. Thus Light sensors are more commonly known as Photoelectric Devices or Photo Sensors [2]. Photoelectric devices can be classified into two main categories, those which generate electricity when illuminated, such as Photo-voltaics or Photo-emissives etc, and those can change their electrical data (voltage) in some way such as Photo-resistors or Photo-conductors. [2] Light sensor is the easiest sensor of our 4 sensor, so we also use the simplest structure, when luminance become strong, the value of photosensitive resistance become larger. Thus the voltage of Vt increase which result in the raise ADC data. Then use formula to transfer ADC data to luminance, when it is dark (lux 0), ADC data is 30. While it comes to the lab light (about 330 lux), ADC data become 895. Finally, We can calculate the linear parameters by these two sets of data 2.1.3. Sound sensor 2.1.4. Touch sensor The MPR121 is the second-generation sensor controller after the initial release of the MPR03x series devices. The MPR121 will feature increased internal intelligence in addition to Freescales second generation capacitance detection engine. Some of the major additions include an increased electrode count, a hardware configurable I 2Caddress, an expanded filtering system with debounce, and completely independent electrodes with auto-configuration built in. The device also features a 13th simulated electrode that represents the simultaneous charging of all the electrodes connected together to allow for increased proximity detection in a touch panel or touch screen array [5]. 2.3. Time Division Multiple Access TDMA It is required that there are at least 4 nodes of sensor without collision in a wireless transmitting network based on a certain channel. Each sensor must be ensured to be able to receive and transmit, in other words, each node can serve as both a receiver and a transmitter. The node which connects to the PC is responsible for the display of the data that collected by each sensor and each sensor is supposed to send the data string to the chosen node within 1 second. There will be collision with the four nodes if we dont define the order of the data transmitting and receiving or just simply define by applying time delay, hence TDMA is necessary to meet requirements above. TDMA is a method of communication technique that derived from the P2S (parallel to serial) conversion. In the process of TDMA of this project, receivers obtain a same signal at the same time but only the appointed receiver reacts and does the next action, which is then transmitting and serving as new transmitter, and the new transmitter will wait for the next appointment without doing nothing unless it is appointed once again, which means it gets the same order in a new loop. The process repeats and there will not be data collision in the transmitting and receiving. As is illustrated in figure2, there are 4 nodes so 4 slots are needed in 1 second according to the requirement, hence each slot takes up 0.25 second, during which time of period each node should finish data transmitting, so the calculation of the time that is needed for sending and receiving is necessary. 2.3.1. Data packet structure 2.3.2. Timers We apply timer0 to control the time of running, different initial values have been given to timer0 in each slot so that transmitting and receiving within 1 second without collision can be ensured. In this case, node 4 is the main node which connects to the PC. The start of the process is the transmitting of node 4, and by the time other 3 nodes receive data from node 4, the text packet ID of the transmitter will be checked and only node 3, which is the transmitted ID 4 minus 1, will display the data that collected by node 4 and transmit its own data collected by its sensor. Following actions will be carried out by node 2, and node 1 within a certain time of period, like shown in figure3. Figure3 4. IoT Data Service and Visualisation

Body and Visibility in Jane Smileys A Thousand Acres :: Smiley Thousand Acres Essays

Body and Visibility in A Thousand Acres The west insists on the discrete identity of objects. To name is to know; to know is to control. (Paglia, p.5) [Woman's beauty] gives the eye the comforting illusion of intellectual control over nature. (Paglia, p.17) If the male gaze is a tool to conceptualize reality, then -like an axe- it can also be used as a weapon. The Paglia quotes above refer not only to matters of epistemology or even ontology ("This is what we see; therefore, this is what exists"), it is equally fitting to describe concrete powerrelations in a social system constructed on the basis of Apollonian control. Larry has complete control of his little kingdom and its subjects, and one of the ways in which this is enforced, is through the visibility of the land and of the body. The Apollonian eye works by objectifying, and that is what happens to Ginny when her father abuses her: she turns into an object that he can use; whose only form of resistance is "desperate limp inertia" (280). She gets dissociated from her body, a body that reminds her of the powerlessness she feels. This explains the "contradictory little rituals" of sex with Ty: "There had to be some light in the room, if only from the hall. Daytime was better than nighttime, and no surprises. I always wore a nightgown, I closed my eyes.[...] I hated for him to turn away or look down." (278) Light, especially daylight, hinders associations of her father's nightly visits, but, on the other hand, she can't stand Ty or herself to see her body. Instinctively, she knows the power of the gaze. When she and Rose compare recurring nightmares, Rose's are about grabbing things that hurt her, symbolizing the rage and greed that will destroy her. Ginny's are about being naked, under the cold light of the eye. Thus, it foreshadows the most important instance of Larry's power games, when she has forgotten to bring him eggs for breakfast and must run home to get them: "The whole way I was conscious of my body -graceless and hurrying, unfit, panting, ridiculous in its very femininity. It seemed like my father could just look out of his big front window and see me naked, chest heaving, breasts, thighs, and buttocks jiggling, dignity irretrievable." (114-115). She has internalized the connection between her body, by definition graceless and powerless; without dignity, and her father's exertion of power and Apollonian conceptualization/control by sight. Body and Visibility in Jane Smiley's A Thousand Acres :: Smiley Thousand Acres Essays Body and Visibility in A Thousand Acres The west insists on the discrete identity of objects. To name is to know; to know is to control. (Paglia, p.5) [Woman's beauty] gives the eye the comforting illusion of intellectual control over nature. (Paglia, p.17) If the male gaze is a tool to conceptualize reality, then -like an axe- it can also be used as a weapon. The Paglia quotes above refer not only to matters of epistemology or even ontology ("This is what we see; therefore, this is what exists"), it is equally fitting to describe concrete powerrelations in a social system constructed on the basis of Apollonian control. Larry has complete control of his little kingdom and its subjects, and one of the ways in which this is enforced, is through the visibility of the land and of the body. The Apollonian eye works by objectifying, and that is what happens to Ginny when her father abuses her: she turns into an object that he can use; whose only form of resistance is "desperate limp inertia" (280). She gets dissociated from her body, a body that reminds her of the powerlessness she feels. This explains the "contradictory little rituals" of sex with Ty: "There had to be some light in the room, if only from the hall. Daytime was better than nighttime, and no surprises. I always wore a nightgown, I closed my eyes.[...] I hated for him to turn away or look down." (278) Light, especially daylight, hinders associations of her father's nightly visits, but, on the other hand, she can't stand Ty or herself to see her body. Instinctively, she knows the power of the gaze. When she and Rose compare recurring nightmares, Rose's are about grabbing things that hurt her, symbolizing the rage and greed that will destroy her. Ginny's are about being naked, under the cold light of the eye. Thus, it foreshadows the most important instance of Larry's power games, when she has forgotten to bring him eggs for breakfast and must run home to get them: "The whole way I was conscious of my body -graceless and hurrying, unfit, panting, ridiculous in its very femininity. It seemed like my father could just look out of his big front window and see me naked, chest heaving, breasts, thighs, and buttocks jiggling, dignity irretrievable." (114-115). She has internalized the connection between her body, by definition graceless and powerless; without dignity, and her father's exertion of power and Apollonian conceptualization/control by sight.

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay -- Social Responsibility Essays

Corporate social responsibility is becoming a key initiative and an essential tool in the growth of multinational corporations and the development of third world countries throughout the globe. The two concepts can work hand in hand to provide benefits for all; however difficulties in regulating and implementing corporate social responsibility need to be overcome before effective changes can be made. Definitions of corporate social responsibility can be somewhat varied depending on the perception and perspective an individual or group has towards the situation; the definition has also varied through time. In general terms, Manakkalathll & Rudolf (1995) define corporate social responsibility (CSR) as â€Å"the duty of organisations to conduct their business in a manner that respects the rights of individuals and promotes human welfare.† In contrast to this, Christian Aid (2004, as cited in Pendleton 2004) defines CSR as â€Å"an entirely voluntary, corporate driven initiative to promote self regulation as a substitute for regulation at either a national or international level.† Blowfield, 1995 indicates that through time, the definitions and explanations of CSR have become more positive, with increasing understanding of the benefits that can be obtained through successful implementation by organisations. Pendleton (2004) suggests that the first CSR initiatives were a response to public pressure and media exposes of poor company behaviour. The aim of CSR was to show these people that companies were capable of cleaning up their act. Pendleton (2004) suggests that â€Å"contemporary CSR was christened by Shell in it’s response to it’s annus horribilis of 1995.† Monshipouri, Welch & Kennedy (2003) also outline this issue as a key turni... ...e real face of corporate social responsibility, Consumer Policy Review, vol.14, no.3, pp.77-82 Rodriguez, P., Siegel, D.S., Hillman, A. & Eden, L. (2006). Three lenses on multi-national enterprise: politics, corruption & corporate social responsibility. Journal of International Business Studies, vol.37, pp.733-746 Sachs, S., Maurer, M., Ruhli, E. & Hoffman, R (2006), Corporate social responsibility from a â€Å"stakeholder view† perspective: CSR implementation by a Swiss mobile telecommunication provider. Corporate Governence, vol. 6, no.4, pp.506-515 Waldman, D.A., Siegel, D.S. & Javidan, M. (2006). Components of CEO transformational leadership and corporate social responsibility. Journal of Management Studies, vol.43, no.8, pp.1703-1725 The Body Shop Values Report 2007. http://valuesreport.thebodyshop.net/index.asp?lvl1=0&lvl2=0&lvl3=0&lvl4=0 Viewed 10/09/07

Informative Speech on 9/11 Planes Essay

How many of you can still remember exactly where you was on 9/11? I remember I was in my 2nd grade classroom and hearing over the intercom that our teachers needed to turn on the T.V. As we began watching the horrific events that was taking place and yet to take place, we was all confused on what was happening, and why. We just knew what we was watching was not normal. The World Trade Center attacks were part of a strategic plan of a terrorist group al-Qaeda. Throughout the speech, I will be mapping out the attacks as they unraveled. Four planes were hijacked, each intended for different targets. According to the New York Times, the flights that were hijacked included American Airlines Flight 11, United Airlines Flight 175, American Airlines 77, and United Airlines Flight 93 (Schememann A1.) American Airlines Flight 11, which carried five Al-Qaeda terrorists, 81 passengers, and 11 crewmembers, was the first plane to hit the North Twin Tower. The flight was scheduled from Boston, Massachusetts to L.A. California. Within fifteen minutes of that flight, the Al-Qaeda hijackers had injured three people, killed one, and forcibly made their way into the cockpit, and overtook the captain and first officer. Mohamed Atta was the hijacker that took over the planes control, and was in control of the events that followed. The air control system realized something was wrong when they lost all contact with American Airlines Flight 11, until Mohamed Atta, accidently sent a message to the air control system instead of the passengers in the plane. At 8:46 local time, the aircraft crashed into the North tower of the World Trade Center. 102 minutes after the impact, the North tower of the World Trade center collapsed. United Airlines Flight 175 was the second passenger flight, which carried five hijackers and 60 people, which was boarded to go from Boston, Massachusetts, to Los Angeles, California. Within 30 minutes of take off, the hijackers had forcefully entered the cockpit and overruled the pilot and first officer, allowing Marwan al-Shehhi to control the airplane from then on. Unlike American Airlines Flight 11, Airlines Flight 175 kept their air traffic control system on, and it was visible on New York Center’s radar. Many of the passengers and also crew members made phones calls from the phones located on the plane. 17 minutes after the North Tower was hit by American Airlines Flight 11, the United Airlines Flight 175 then struck the South Tower, which was the only impact from September 11, 2001 that was seen live on television as it occurred. 56 minutes after the impact on the South Tower, of the World Trade center, the building collapsed. American Airlines Flight 77, which killed the five Al-Qaeda terrorists and 59 passengers boarded the plane, and also the 125 people that were in the building of the third attack, the Pentagon located in Washington, D.C. The flight was departing from Dulles, Virginia to the destination of Los Angeles, California. It took the five hijackers 35 minutes to intrude the cockpit; Hani Jonjour then took over as the pilot of American Airlines Flight 77. The western side of the Pentagon at 9:37 was hit. At 10:10 A.M. a section of the Pentagon had collapsed, it took days for firefighters to extinguish the massive fire. United Airlines Flight 93, withheld four Al-Qaeda terrorists and 44 passengers, crashed into a field near Stonycreek, Township, Pennsylvania. It only took the Al-Qaeda members 46 minutes to take control over the plane. The passengers of the plane had decided they were not going to let the hijackers hit their target and kill them without an attempt to recover the planes control. The passengers on the plane were in touch with people from the phones, to be aware that the World Trade Center had been hit, along with the Pentagon. The passengers attempted to gain back the control of United Airlines Flight 93, and during this attempt, the plane crashed into the field in Stonycreek Township. United Airlines Flight 93 was the only plane that did not reach its hijackers’ target. Many of us was aware of the events that took place on 9/11, but really didn’t know much about the passengers that was boarded those four planes on September 11, 2001, a day that forever change America. On Flight 11, Charles â€Å"Chuck† Jones, 48, almost made it into outer space. He was qualified to fly on the space shuttle and was scheduled to fly a mission when the 1987 Challenger explosion indefinitely postponed launched. On Flight 77, Suzanna Calley, 42, of California, would have celebrated her 20th wedding anniversary on Wednesday, September 12th, and her 43rd birthday on Monday, September 17. On Flight 175, Ruth McCourt, 45, and her daughter, Juliana, age 4, were aboard United Airline Flight 175. Ruth McCourt’s brother, Ronnie, escaped the ground floor of the World Trade Center. On Flight 93, Todd Beamer, 32, leaves a pregnant wife and two sons. His family believes that he died when he and other passengers tried recovering Flight 93 from the hijackers. The flights of 11, 77, 175, and 93 has forever change the life of America and on 9/11, there will always be a moment of silence for the people that bravely lost their lives that day. Work Cited http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_11 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_93 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_77 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175 http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2001/09/11/victims-capsules.htm